Acupuncture and Moxibustion
(An Acupuncture Desk Reference Book)
Contents
SECTION I
A General Introduction to Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion
CHAPTER I: BASIC KNOWLEDGE OF ACUPUNCTURE & MOXIBUSTION…………………………………………………………………… 4
TREATMENT EFFECTS OF ACUPUNCTURE AND MOXIBUSTION………………………………………………………………………………. 4
Regulation of Yin and Yang………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 4
Reinforcing Vital Qi and Eliminating Pathogens………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 4
Dredging the Meridians (Ensuring Qi and Blood flow through the Meridians)…………………………………………………………. 5
TREATMENT PRINCIPLES OF ACUPUNCTURE AND MOXIBUSTION…………………………………………………………………………. 6
“Reinforce Deficiency and Reduce Excess.”…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 6
“Clear Heat and Warm the Cold.”……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 6
“Treat the Branch and the Root.”………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 6
“Same disease—different therapeutic method. Different disease—same therapy.”……………………………………………………… 7
“Local and Whole Body Therapy”……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 7
CHAPTER II: PRINCIPLES OF DIAGNOSIS………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 8
BA GANG BIAN ZHENG: Differential diagnosis—the 8 Principal Syndromes…………………………………………………… 8
Differential Diagnosis of Interior or Exterior Syndrome………………………………………………………………………………………………. 8
Differential Diagnosis of Cold and Heat Syndromes……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 9
Differential Diagnosis of Deficiency and Excess Syndrome……………………………………………………………………………………….. 10
Differential Diagnosis of Yin and Yang………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 12
ZANG FU AND MERIDIAN DIAGNOSIS TECHNIQUES………………………………………………………………………………………………… 14
LUNG AND LARGE INTESTINE…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 14
SPLEEN AND STOMACH…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 17
HEART AND SMALL INTESTINE……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 20
KIDNEY AND URINARY BLADDER……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 24
LIVER AND GALL BLADDER……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 27
PERICARDIUM AND TRIPLE WARMER…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 30
CHAPTER III: PRESCRIPTION METHODOLOGY…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 32
PRINCIPLE INDICATIONS OF THE FOURTEEN MAJOR MERIDIANS…………………………………………………………………………. 32
Three Hand Yin Meridian Indications………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 32
Three Hand Yang Meridian Indications…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 32
Three Foot Yang Meridian Indications………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 32
Three Foot Yin Meridian Indications…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 32
Conception and Governing Meridian Indications…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 33
THE DISTINGUSHING FEATURES OF THE FOURTEEN MAJOR MERIDIAN INDICATIONS……………………………………… 34
Hand Tai Yin Meridian of the Lung……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 34
Hand Yang Ming Meridian of the Large Intestine……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 34
Foot Yang Ming Meridian of the Stomach…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 36
Foot Tai Yin Meridian of the Spleen…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 37
Hand Shao Yin Meridian of the Heart………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 39
Hand Tai Yang Meridian of the Small Intestine…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 40
Foot Tai Yang Meridian of the Urinary Bladder………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 41
Foot Shao Yin Meridian of the Kidney……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 42
Hand Jue Yin Meridian of the Pericardium………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 43
Hand Shao Yang Meridian of the Triple Warmer……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 44
Foot Shao Yang Meridian of the Gall Bladder…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 45
Foot Jue Yin Meridian of the Liver…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 46
Governing Vessel………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 47
Conception Vessel………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 47
BASIC CONCEPT OF ACUPUNCTURE POINTS…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 48
The Classification of Points………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 48
Treatment Effects of Acupuncture Points……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 48
POINT SELECTION………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 48
Selection of Local and Adjacent Points……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 49
Selection of Distal Points……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 49
APPLICATIONS OF SPECIAL ACUPUNCTURE POINTS……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 49
Application of the Five-Shu Points…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 50
Application of the Yuan-Source Points………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 51
Application of the Luo-Connecting Points…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 53
Application of Back-Shu and Front-Mu Points………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 53
Application of Lower He-Sea Points—Xia He Xue…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 55
Application of the Sixteen Xi-Cleft Points………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 55
Application of the Eight Influential Points………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 56
Application of the Eight Confluence Points……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 57
Application of Crossing-Meeting Points……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 58
COMMONLY USED ACUPUNCTURE POINTS FOR SPECIFIC INDICATIONS……………………………………………………………… 61
Qi………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 61
Blood…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 62
Body Fluids…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 62
Shen-Spirit, Sleep, and Dreams………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 63
Voice and Speech……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 64
External Genitalia and Urination………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 64
Anus and Bowel Movement…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 65
Headache and Dizziness……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 66
THE METHODOLOGY OF ACUPUNCTURE POINT PRESCRIPTIONS…………………………………………………………………………… 67
Selecting Point Prescriptions Acccording to Meridian Theory…………………………………………………………………………………. 67
Selecting Point Prescriptions According to the Theory of the Zang-Fu…………………………………………………………………….. 67
Selecting Point Prescriptions According to the Theory of Modern Medicine……………………………………………………………. 68
Selecting Point Prescriptions According to Other Acupuncture Modalites………………………………………………………………. 68
Selecting Point Prescriptions According to Clinical Experience……………………………………………………………………………… 69
SECTION TWO
Acupuncture Point Prescriptions
CHAPTER I: INTERNAL MEDICINE DISORDERS……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 72
ABDOMINAL PAIN………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 72
ASTHMA………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 78
BELL’S PALSY— PERIPHERAL FACIAL PARALYSIS…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 88
BERIBERI SYNDROME……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 94
BI SYNDROME………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 100
CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME—XU LAO……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 110
COMMON COLD…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 118
CONSTIPATION……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 126
COUGH…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 134
DIABETES……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 142
DIARRHEA……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 150
DIZZINESS AND VERTIGO…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 158
DYSENTERY………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 164
EDEMA………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 170
EPIGASTRIC PAIN………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 176
EPILEPSY……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 182
HEADACHE…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 190
HEART PALPITATIONS……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 203
HEMORRHOIDS…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 208
HERPES ZOSTER…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 214
HICCUP………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 220
HIV…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 226
HYPOCHONDRIAC PAIN……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 234
IMPOTENCE………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 242
INSOMNIA…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 248
LIN SYNDROME—STRANGURIA………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 254
LOW BACK PAIN………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 262
PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 270
MADNESS AND INSANITY………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 276
MALARIA……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 284
MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 290
NECK PAIN……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 298
OBESITY………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 304
PROCTOPTOSIA—ANAL PROLAPSE………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 312
SHOULDER PAIN………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 318
STOP SMOKING……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 324
SUMMER HEAT STROKE…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 330
TRIGEMINAL NEURALGIA………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 336
URINE RETENTION……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 342
URTICARIA…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 350
VOMITING…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 356
WEI SYNDROME—FLACCIDITY PARALYSIS SYNDROME……………………………………………………………………………………….. 364
WIND STROKE……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 370
YU SYNDROME—EMOTIONAL DISORDER………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 378
CHAPTER II: E.E.N.T DISORDERS………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 384
ACNE……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 384
ACUTE CONJUNCTIVITIS…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 390
APHONIA………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 394
DEAFNESS…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 400
SINUSITIS……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 406
SORE THROAT……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 412
STY—Hordeolum……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 418
TINNITUS………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 422
CHAPTER III: O.B.G.Y.N DISORDERS……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 428
AMENORRHEA…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 428
DYSMENORRHEA…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 434
ECLAMPSIA………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 440
HYPOGALACTIA………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 444
INFERTILITY…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 448
LEUKORRHEA………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 454
MENOPAUSE………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 460
MENOXENIA—MENSTRUAL IRREGULARITIES………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 466
MORNING SICKNESS……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 472
PREMENSTRUAL TENSION SYNDROME……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 478
SECTION THREE
Technique Reference
CHAPTER I: TRADITIONAL NEEDLE TECHNIQUE………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 490
NEEDLE CONTROL: ACCIDENTS IN THE CLINIC……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 490
Fainting……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 490
Stuck Needle…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 491
Broken Needle………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 491
Hematoma…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 492
Discomfort after treatment………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 492
Injured Lung: Traumatic pneumothorax…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 492
Injury of other organs……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 493
Injured brain and spinal cord…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 494
Injured Nerves…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 494
NEEDLE MANIPULATION TECHNIQUES……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 496
Fundamental Needling Technique: Basic Manipulations……………………………………………………………………………………….. 496
Fundamental Needling Technique: Supplemental Manipulation Methods…………………………………………………………….. 496
Reinforcing and Dispersion Technique……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 499
Reinforcing and Dispersion Technique: Single style……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 500
Reinforcing and Dispersing Techniques: Combining methods………………………………………………………………………………… 501
Techniques for Opening the Flow of Channel Qi……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 504
ANCIENT NEEDLE TECHNIQUES AND APPLICATIONS……………………………………………………………………………………………. 506
Jiu Ci—The Nine Needle Techniques……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 506
Shi Er Ci—The Twelve Needle Techniques………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 511
Wu Ci—The 5 Needle Techniques…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 516
CHAPTER II: MOXIBUSTION…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 519
INDICATIONS……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 519
Reinforcing Yang Deficiency…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 519
Warming the Meridians in the Treatment of Bi Syndrome………………………………………………………………………………………… 519
Yang Qi Collapse……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 519
Resolving Stagnation……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 519
Protecting Health……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 519
APPLICATIONS OF MOXIBUSTION……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 520
Moxibustion with a Moxa Cone……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 520
Moxibustion with a Moxa Pole………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 521
Warming Needle Technique……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 521
Prohibition of Moxibustion………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 521
COMMON USES OF DIRECT NON-SCARRING MOXIBUSTION FOR SPECIFIC DISEASES………………………………………. 522
COMMON USE OF INDIRECT MOXIBUSTION FOR SPECIFIC DISEASES…………………………………………………………………. 526
CHAPTER III: DISTRIBUTION OF AURICULAR POINTS & INDICATIONS……………………………………………………………….. 529
SCAPHOID FOSSA………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 529
Finger……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 529
Wrist………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 529
Elbow………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 529
Shoulder……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 529
Shoulder Joint………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 529
Clavicle…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 529
UPPER CRUS OF ANTIHELIX……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 529
Toe…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 529
Ankle…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 529
Knee………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 529
Buttock……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 530
Ischium……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 530
Sympathetic………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 530
TRIANGULAR FOSSA…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 530
Shen Men………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 530
Uterus……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 530
ANTIHELIX……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 530
Abdomen…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 530
Chest…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 530
Neck………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 530
Thoracic……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 530
Lumbar Sacrum…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 531
Thoracic Vertebra…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 531
Cervical Vertebra……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 531
TRAGUS………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 531
Nose………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 531
Throat……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 531
Inner-nose…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 531
Upper Tip of Tragus………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 531
Lower Tip of Tragus………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 531
ANTITRAGUS……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 531
Calm the Asthma……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 531
Brain…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 531
Brain Stem………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 531
Testicle……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 532
Forehead…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 532
Occiput……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 532
Temple………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 532
Central Rim………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 532
AROUND THE CRUS OF HELIX……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 532
Esophagus………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 532
Stomach…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 532
Duodenal………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 532
Small Intestine………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 532
Large Intestine………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 532
Appendix…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 532
CYMBA CONCHA…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 533
Urinary Bladder……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 533
Kidney………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 533
Liver………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 533
Spleen……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 533
Gallbladder (Pancreas)……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 533
CAVUM CONCHA…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 533
Mouth……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 533
Heart…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 533
Lungs………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 533
Trachea…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 533
Adrenal Gland………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 534
Sub Cortex………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 534
Endocrine…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 534
San Jiao……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 534
EAR LOBE……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 534
Eye 1…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 534
Eye 2…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 534
Eye…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 534
Toothache (1)(2)………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 534
Inner Ear…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 534
Tonsil………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 535
Upper Jaw, Lower Jaw, and Face Area……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 535
BACK OF EAR……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 535
Reducing Blood Pressure…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 535
Er Mi Geng……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 535
Upper Ear Root…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 535
CHAPTER IV: INTERNATIONAL STANDARD SCALP ACUPUNCTURE…………………………………………………………………….. 537
Treatment Zone Distribution and Indications…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 537
MS1. Middle line of the forehead…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 537
MS2. Lateral line 1 of the forehead………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 537
MS3. Lateral line 2 of the forehead………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 537
MS4. Lateral line 3 of the forehead………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 537
MS5. Middle line of the vertex………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 537
MS6. Lateral line 1 of the vertex………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 538
MS7. Lateral line 2 of the vertex………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 538
MS8. Anterior oblique line from vertex to temple…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 538
MS9. Posterior oblique line from vertex to temple…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 538
MS10. Oblique anterior line of the temple……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 538
MS11. Oblique posterior line of the temple……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 538
MS12. Upper-middle line of the occiput…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 539
MS13. Upper lateral line of the occiput…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 539
MS14. Lower lateral line of the occiput…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 539
APPENDIX 1……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 541
Meridian Illustrations……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 541
Lung………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 541
Large Intestine………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 542
Stomach…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 543
Spleen……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 544
Heart…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 545
Small Intestine………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 546
Bladder……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 547
Kidney………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 548
Pericardium………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 549
Triple Warmer…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 550
Gall Bladder……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 551
Liver………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 552
Governing Vessel………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 553
Conception Vessel…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 554
APPENDIX 2……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 555
Illustrations for the Adjunctive Therapies……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 555
Scalp Acupuncture……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 555
Ear…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 556
Wrist and Ankle………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 559
Hand…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 562
Foot…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 563
Nose………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 564
BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 565
INDEX……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 569